ISTerre - Institut des Sciences de la Terre

REAKT : Strategies and tools for real time earthquake risk reduction

David MARSAN — 2025-09-05T14:36:54Z

Durée : 2011 - 2014
Coordinateur : Prof. Paolo Gasparini
Contact à ISTerre : David Marsan
Participation de l'équipe Mécanique des failles
Partenaires : 23 laboratoires européens

The earthquake risk reduction chain.

The general objective of the Project is to improve the efficiency of real time earthquake risk mitigation methods and its capability of protecting structures, infrastructures and people. REAKT aims at establishing the best practice on how to use jointly all the information coming from earthquake forecast, early warning and real time vulnerability assessment. All this information needs to be combined in a fully probabilistic framework, including realistic uncertainties estimations, to be used for decision making in real time. REAKT will use a system-level earthquake science approach that requires that the various temporal scales of relevance for hazard and risk mitigation in the various WPs are integrated through common tools, databases and methods.

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Cargèse earthquakes 2014

David MARSAN — 2013-09-04T14:35:58Z

EARTHQUAKES: nucleation, triggering, and relationships with aseismic processes

Training school held at the Institut d'Etudes Scientifiques de Cargèse, Corsica
3rd of November - 10th of November 2014

please visit the school webpage at http://earthquakes.sciencesconf.org

Model Independent Stochastic Declustering

David MARSAN — 2012-02-01T14:26:56Z

This is the web page for the Model Independent Stochastic Declustering method.

This method aims at separating the contributions towards earthquake triggering of (1) previous earthquakes, that generate (e.g., through elastic interactions) further seismicity - like aftershocks -, (2) other, aseismic causes. The latter is here assumed to represent a constant (tectonic) loading rate, although further research currently developed shows that this assumption can be relaxed to study earthquake swarms, either fluid-related, or due to aseismic slip on faults.

You can download :

The C program misd.c
Its README file
An example of the input file

This method has been extensively described in these two articles :

Marsan D., and O. Lengliné (2008), Extending earthquake' reach through cascading, Science, 319, 1076-1079. [pdf]

Marsan D., and O. Lengliné (2010), A new estimation of the decay of aftershock density with distance to the mainshock, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B09302 [pdf].

Please refer to either one of them if you make use of this code. Thank you !

Nouvel article N° 894

David MARSAN — 2012-01-24T15:45:39Z

- David MARSAN

REAKT : Strategies and tools for real time earthquake risk reduction

Anaïs SCHNEIDER, David MARSAN — 2011-10-10T13:05:00Z

[fr]

Duration : 2011 - 2014
Coordinator : Prof. Paolo Gasparini
Contact at ISTerre : David Marsan
ISTerre research team involved Fault mechanics
Partners : 23 european labs

The earthquake risk reduction chain.

Find out more

De la banquise à la croûte terrestre : les lois d'échelle de la fracturation

David MARSAN — 2011-07-11T07:30:31Z

Figure 3 – Champ de déformation cisaillante (a) et divergente (b) de la banquise arctique obtenue par corrélation d'images satellite radar pour la période du 26 mars
au 1er avril 2007.
Source : Images de la physique 2010 CNRS.

La banquise – cette fine pellicule de glace de quelques mètres d'épaisseur se formant à la surface des océans polaires – et la croûte terrestre présentent des comportements mécaniques étonnamment similaires. Toutes deux ont un comportement fragile fortement intermittent, et pour lequel la déformation se concentre le long de zones de failles très étroites. Cette déformation est caractérisée par des épisodes de forte activité entrecoupés de périodes plus calmes, de durée variable. A partir des interactions mécaniques entre failles et
fractures émerge un comportement collectif complexe caractérisé par une intrication surprenante entre les échelles de temps et d'espace. Pousser la comparaison entre ces deux objets a priori si différents permet de révéler la nature de certains processus sous-jacents.

Texte intégral

Article paru dans "Images de la Physique" 2010 (CNRS) :
De la banquise à la croûte terrestre : les lois d'échelle de la fracturation
Jérôme Weiss, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement, UMR 5183, CNRS/UJF, Grenoble
David Marsan, Institut des Sciences de la Terre, UMR 5275, CNRS / Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc / Univ. Grenoble 1 / IRD, Chambéry

– Images de la physique, CNRS

From the ice pack to the earth's crust : the laws of scale of fracturing

Anaïs SCHNEIDER, David MARSAN — 2011-07-11T07:30:31Z

The ice pack - this thin film of ice a few metres thick forming on the surface of the polar oceans - and the earth's crust exhibit surprisingly similar mechanical behaviours. Both have a highly intermittent fragile behaviour, for which the deformation is concentrated along very narrow fault zones. This deformation is characterized by episodes of high activity interspersed with calmer periods of variable duration. Based on the mechanical interactions between faults and
fractures emerge a complex collective behaviour characterized by a surprising entanglement between the scales of time and space. To push the comparison between these two objects a priori so different allows to reveal the nature of some underlying processes.

Texte intégral

Article paru dans "Images de la Physique" 2010 (CNRS) :
From the ice pack to the earth's crust : the laws of scale of fracturing
Jérôme Weiss, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement, UMR 5183, CNRS/UJF, Grenoble
David Marsan, Institut des Sciences de la Terre, UMR 5275, CNRS / Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc / Univ. Grenoble 1 / IRD, Chambéry

– Images of physics, CNRS

Publications David Marsan

David MARSAN — 2011-03-07T08:00:25Z

Published articles

1 - Marsan D., D. Schertzer, and S. Lovejoy (1996), Causal space-time multifractal processes: predictability and forecasting of rain fields, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21D, 26333-26346.

2 - Marsan D., D. Schertzer, and S. Lovejoy (1997), Predictability of multifractal processes: the case of turbulence, in Fractals and chaos in chemical engineering, edited by M. Giona and G. Biardi, World Scientific.

3 - Schertzer D., S. Lovejoy, Y. Chigirinskaya, F. Schmitt, and D. Marsan (1997), Multifractal cascade dynamics and turbulent intermittency, Fractals, 5, 3, 427-471.

4 - Marsan D., and C. J. Bean (1999), Multiscaling nature of sonic velocities and lithology in the upper crystalline crust: evidence from the KTB Main Borehole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2, 275-278.

5 - Bean C. J., D. Marsan, and F. Martini (1999), Statistical measures of crustal heterogeneities from reflection seismic data: the role of seismic bandwidth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 21, 3241-3244. [pdf]

6 - Marsan D., C. J. Bean, S. Steacy, and J. McCloskey (1999), Spatio-temporal analysis of stress diffusion in a mining-induced seismicity system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 24, 3697-3700. [pdf]

7 - Marsan D., C. J. Bean, S. Steacy, and J. McCloskey (2000), Observation of diffusion processes in earthquake populations, and implications for the predictability of seismicity systems, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28081-28094. [pdf]

8 - Martini F., C. J. Bean, S. Dolan, and D. Marsan (2001), Seismic image quality beneath strongly scattering structures and implications for lower crustal imaging: numerical simulations, Geophys. J. Int., 145, 423-435.

9 - Schmitt F., and D. Marsan (2001), Stochastic equations generating continuous multiplicative cascades, Eur. Phys. J. B, 20, 3-6. [pdf]

10 - Marsan D., and C. J. Bean (2002), Multifractal modelling of crustal heterogeneity, in Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle: Nature, Scaling and Seismic Properties, edited by J. A. Goff et K. Holliger, Kluwer Academic, New York, 207-236. [pdf]

11 - Marsan D., and C. J. Bean (2003), Seismicity response to stress perturbations, analysed for a world-wide catalogue, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 179-195. [pdf]

12 - Marsan D. (2003), Triggering of seismicity at short time scales following Californian earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 108, B5, 2266. [pdf]

13 - Weiss J., and D. Marsan (2003), Three dimensional mapping of dislocation avalanches: Clustering and space/time coupling, Science, 299, 89-92. [pdf]

14 - Steacy S., D. Marsan, J. McCloskey, and S. Nalbant (2004), Sensitivity of static stress calculations to the earthquake slip distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B04303. [pdf]

15 - Marsan D., and C. J. Bean (2004), Comment on 'Diffusion of epicenters of earthquake aftershocks, Omori's law, and generalized continuous-time random walk models' by A. Helmstetter and D. Sornette (Physical Review E, 66, 061104, 2002), Phys. Rev. E, 69, 063101.

16 - Marsan D., H. Stern, R. Lindsay, and J. Weiss (2004), Scale dependence and localization of the deformation of Arctic sea ice, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 178501. [pdf]

17 - Weiss J., and D. Marsan (2004), Scale properties of sea ice deformation and fracturing, Compte-Rendus Acad. Sci., 5, 735-751. [pdf]

18 - Marsan D., and S. S. Nalbant (2005), Methods for measuring seismicity rate changes: A review and a study of how the Mw7.3 Landers earthquake affected the aftershock sequence of the Mw6.1 Joshua Tree earthquake, Pure Appl. Geophys., 162, 1151-1185. [pdf]

19 - Marsan D. (2005), The role of small earthquakes in redistributing crustal elastic stress, Geophys. J. Int., 163, 141-151. [pdf]

20 - Daniel G., D. Marsan, and M. Bouchon (2006), Perturbation of the Izmit earthquake aftershock decaying activity following the 1999 Mw 7.2 Düzce, Turkey earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B05310. [pdf]

21 - Marsan D. (2006), Can co-seismic stress variability suppress seismicity shadows? Insights from a rate-and-state friction model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B06305. [pdf]

22 - Renard F., C. Voisin, D. Marsan, and J. Schmittbuhl (2006), High resolution 3D laser scanner measurements of a strike-slip fault quantify its morphological anisotropy at all scales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04305. [pdf]

23 - Marsan D., and G. Daniel (2007), Measuring the heterogeneity of the co-seismic stress change following the 1999 Mw7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B07305. [pdf]

24 - Rampal P., J. Weiss, D. Marsan, R. Lindsay, and H. Stern (2008), Scaling properties of sea ice deformation from buoy dispersion analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C03002. [pdf]

25 - Marsan D., and O. Lengliné (2008), Extending earthquake' reach through cascading, Science, 319, 1076-1079. [pdf]

26 - Roux P.-F., D. Marsan, J.P. Métaxian, L. Moreau, and G. O'Brien (2008), Microseismic activity within a serac zone in an Alpine glacier (glacier d'Argentière, Mont-Blanc, France), J. Glaciol., 54, 157-168. [pdf]

27 - Daniel G., D. Marsan, and M. Bouchon (2008), Earthquake triggering in southern Iceland following the June 2000, Ms6.6 doublet, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B5, B05310. [pdf]

28 - Hainzl S., and D. Marsan (2008), Dependence of the Omori p-value on mainshock magnitude in rate-and-state friction models, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B10, B10309. [pdf]

29 - Lengliné O., D. Marsan, J.-L. Got, V. Pinel, V. Ferrazzini, and P. Okubo (2008), Seismicity and deformation induced by magma accumulation at three basaltic volcanoes, J. Geophys. Res.,113, B12, B12305. [pdf]

30 - Rampal P., J. Weiss, and D. Marsan (2009), Positive trend in the mean speed and deformation rate of Arctic sea ice, 1979-2007, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C05013. [pdf]

31 - Lengliné O.,and D. Marsan (2009), Inferring the Coseismic and Postseismic Stress Changes caused by the 2004, M=6 Parkfield Earthquake from Variations of Recurrence Times of Microearthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B10303. [pdf]

32 – Weiss J., D. Marsan, and P. Rampal (2009), Space and Time Scaling Laws Induced by tine Multiscale Fracturing of The Arctic Sea Ice Cover, in IUTAM Symposium on scaling in solid mechanics, IUTAM Bookseries, 10, 101-109.

33 – Candela T., F. Renard, M. Bouchon, A. Brouste, D. Marsan, J. Schmittbuhl, and C. Voisin (2009), Characterization of Fault Roughness at Various Scales: Implications of Three-Dimensional High Resolution Topography Measurements, Pure Appl. Geophys., 166, 10-11, 1817-1851.

34 – Rampal P., J. Weiss, D. Marsan, and M. Bourgoin (2009), Arctic sea ice velocity field: General circulation and turbulent-like fluctuations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C10014. [pdf]

35 – Marsan D., and J. Weiss (2010), Space/time coupling in brittle deformation at geophysical scales, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 296, 3-4, 353-359. [pdf]

36 – Marsan D., and O. Lengliné (2010), A new estimation of the decay of aftershock density with distance to the mainshock, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B09302 [pdf].

37 - Durand V., M. Bouchon, H. Karabulut, D. Marsan, J. Schmittbuhl, M.-P. Bouin, M. Aktar, and G. Daniel (2010), Seismic Interaction and Delayed Triggering along the North Anatolian Fault, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18310. [pdf]

38 – Bouchon M., H. Karabult, M.-P. Bouin, J. Schmittbuhl, M. Vallée, R. Archuleta, S. Das, F. Renard and D. Marsan (2010), Faulting characteristics of supershear earthquakes, Tectonophys., 493, 244 - 253. [pdf]

39 - Daniel G., E. Prono, F. Renard, F. Thouvenot, S. Hainzl, D. Marsan, A. Helmstetter, P. Traversa, J.L. Got, L. Jenatton, and R. Guiguet (2011), Changes in effective stress during the 2003-2004 Ubaye seismic swarm, France, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B01309. [pdf]

40 – Marsan D., J. Weiss, J.-P. Métaxian, J. Grangeon, P.-F. Roux, and J. Haapala (2011), Low frequency bursts of horizontally-polarized waves in the Arctic sea-ice cover, J. Glaciol., 57, 231 - 237. [pdf]

41 – Got J.-L., V. Monteiller, J. Guilbert, D. Marsan, Y. Cansi, C. Maillard, and J.-P. Santoire (2011), Strain localization and fluid migration from earthquake relocation and seismicity analysis in the western Vosges massif (France), Geophys. J. Int., 185, 1, 365-384. [pdf]

42 - Marsan D., J. Weiss, E. Larose, and J.-P. Métaxian (2012), Sea-ice thickness measurement based on the dispersion of ice swell, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 131 (1), 80-91. [pdf]

43 - Gimbert F., N. C. Jourdain, D. Marsan, J. Weiss, and B. Barnier (2012), Recent mechanical weakening of the Arctic sea ice cover as revealed from larger inertial oscillations, J. Geophys. Res. (Oceans), 117, C00J12. [pdf]

44 - Toda S., R. S. Stein, G. C. Beroza, and D. Marsan (2012), Aftershocks halted by static stress shadows, Nature Geosciences. [pdf]

45 - Marsan D., and B. Enescu (2012), Modeling the foreshock sequence prior to the 2011, MW9.0 Tohoku, Japan, earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B06316. [pdf]

46 - Gimbert F., D. Marsan, J. Weiss, N. C. Jourdain, and B. Barnier (2012), Sea ice inertial oscillation magnitudes in the Arctic basin. Cryosphere, 6, 1187-1201, doi: 10.5194/tc-6-1187-2012.

47 - Marsan D., E. Prono, and A. Helmstetter (2013), Monitoring aseismic forcing in fault zones using earthquake time series, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 103, 169-179. [pdf]

48 - Bouchon M., V. Durand, D. Marsan, H. Karabulut, and J. Schmittbuhl (2013), The long precursory phase of most large interplate earthquakes, Nature Geosciences, doi:10.1038/NGEO1770. [pdf]

49 - Durand V., M. Bouchon, H. Karabulut, D. Marsan, and J. Schmittbuhl (2013), Link between Coulomb stress changes and seismic activation in the Marmara sea after the 1999, Izmit (Turkey), earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 118, DOI: 10.1002/jgrb.50077 [pdf]

50 - Hainzl S., Zakharova O., and D. Marsan (2013), Impact of aseismic transients on the estimation of aftershock productivity parameters, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 103, DOI: 10.1785/0120120247 [pdf]

51 - Marsan D., T. Reverso, A. Helmstetter, and B. Enescu (2013), Slow slip and aseismic deformation episodes associated with the subducting Pacific plate offshore Japan, revealed by changes in seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., 118, DOI: 10.1002/jgrb.50323 [pdf]

52 - Marsan D., A. Helmstetter, M. Bouchon, and P. Dublanchet (2014), Foreshock activity related to enhanced aftershock production, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, DOI: 10.1002/2014GL061219 [pdf], [supporting material].

53 - Vihma T., R. Pirazzini, I. Fer, I. A. Renfrew, J. Sedlar, M. Tjernström, C. Lüpkes, T. Nygård, D. Notz, J. Weiss, D. Marsan, B. Cheng, G. Birnbaum, S. Gerland, D. Chechin, and J. C. Gascard (2014), Advances in understanding and parameterization of small-scale physical processes in the marine Arctic climate system: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9403–9450 [pdf].

54 - Durand V., M. Bouchon, M. A. Floyd, N. Theodulidis, D. Marsan, H. Karabulut, and J. Schmittbuhl (2014), Observation of the spread of slow deformation in Greece following the breakup of the slab, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, DOI: 10.1002/2014GL061408 [pdf].

55 - Reverso T., D. Marsan, and A. Helmstetter (2015), Detection and characterization of transient forcing episodes affecting earthquake activity in the Aleutian Arc system, Earth Plan. Sci. Lett., 412, 25-34 [pdf].

56 - Gardonio B., D. Marsan, O. Lengliné, B. Enescu, , M. Bouchon, and J. L. Got (2015), Changes in seismicity and stress loading on subduction faults in the Kanto region, Japan, 2011-2014, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 2616-2626

57 - Bouchon M., D. Marsan, V. Durand, M. Campillo, H. Perfettini, R. Madariaga, and B. Gardonio (2016), Potential slab deformation and plunge prior to the Tohoku, Iquique and Maule earthquakes, Nature Geosc., 9, 380.

58 - Reverso T., D. Marsan, A. Helmstetter, and B. Enescu (2016), Background seismicity in Boso Peninsula, Japan: Long-term acceleration, and relationship with slow slip events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5671-5679 [pdf].

59 - Weiss J., V. Pellissier, D. Marsan, L. Arnaud, and F. Renard (2016), Cohesion versus friction in controlling the long-term strength of a self-healing experimental fault, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 8523-8547.

60 - Got J. L., A. Carrier, D. Marsan, F. Jouanne, K. Vogfjord, and T. Villemin (2017), An analysis of the nonlinear magma-edifice coupling at Grimsvotn volcano (Iceland), J. Geophys. Res., 122, 826-843.

61 - Marsan D., M. Bouchon, B. Gardonio, H. Perfettini, A. Socquet, and B. Enescu (2017), Change in seismicity along the Japan trench, 1990-2011, and its relationship with seismic coupling, J. Geophys. Res., 122, 4645-4659 [pdf].

62 - Chiodini G., J. Selva, E. Del Pezzo, D. Marsan, L. De Siena, L. D'Auria, F. Bianco, S. Caliro, P. De Martino, P. Ricciolino, and Z. Petrillo (2017), Clues on the origin of post-2000 earthquakes at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), Sci. Reports, 7, 4472 [pdf].

63 - Marsan D., and A. Helmstetter (2017), How variable is the number of triggered aftershocks?, J. Geophys. Res., 122, 5544-5560 [pdf].

64 - Jara J., A. Socquet, D. Marsan, and M. Bouchon (2017), Long-Term Interactions Between Intermediate Depth and Shallow Seismicity in North Chile Subduction Zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 9283-9292.

65 - Lengliné O., W. B. Frank, D. Marsan, and J. P. Ampuero (2017), Imbricated slip rate processes during slow slip transients imaged by low-frequency earthquakes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 476, 122-131 [pdf].

66 - Moreau L., C. Lachaud, R. Thery, M. V. Predoi, D. Marsan, E. Larose, J. Weiss, and M. Montagnat (2017), Monitoring ice thickness and elastic properties from the measurement of leaky guided waves: A laboratory experiment, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 144, 2873-2880.

67 - Gardonio B., D. Marsan, A. Socquet, M Bouchon, J. Jara, Q. Sun, N. Cotte, and M. Campillo (2018), Revisiting Slow Slip Events Occurrence in Boso Peninsula, Japan, Combining GPS Data and Repeating Earthquakes Analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 1502-1515 [pdf].

68 - Perfettini H., W. B. Frank, D. Marsan, and M. Bouchon (2018), A Model of Aftershock Migration Driven by Afterslip, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 2283-2293 [pdf].

69 - Bouchon M., D. Marsan, J. Jorge, A. Socquet, M. Campillo, H. Perfettini (2018), Suspected Deep Interaction and Triggering Between Giant Earthquakes in the Chilean Subduction Zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 5454-5460 [pdf].

70 - Reverso T., S. Steacy, D. Marsan (2018), A Hybrid ETAS-Coulomb Approach to Forecast Spatiotemporal Aftershock Rates, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 9750-9763 [pdf].

71 - Marsan D., J. Weiss, L. Moreau, F. Gimbert, M. Doble, E. Larose, J. Grangeon (2019), Characterizing horizontally-polarized shear and infragravity vibrational modes in the Arctic sea ice cover using correlation methods, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 145, 1600-1608.

72 - Perfettini H., W. B. Frank, D. Marsan, and M. Bouchon (2019), Updip and Along-Strike Aftershock Migration Model Driven by Afterslip: Application to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Aftershock Sequence, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 2653-2669 [pdf].

73 - Lachaud C., D. Marsan, M. Montagnat, J. Weiss, L. Moreau, and F. Gimbert (2019), Micro-Seismic Monitoring of a Shear Fault within a Floating Ice Plate, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 10444-10467 [pdf].

74 - Gardonio B., M. Campillo, D. Marsan, A., Lecointre, M. Bouchon, and J. Letort (2019), Seismic Activity Preceding the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku Earthquake, Japan, Analyzed With Multidimensional Template Matching, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 6815-6831 [pdf].

75 - Gardonio B., A. Schubnel, S. Das, H. Lyon-Caen, D. Marsan, M. Bouchon, and A. Kato (2020), The Preseismic and Postseismic Phases of the similar to 700-km Deep M(w)7.9 Bonin Islands Earthquake, Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL085589 [pdf].

76 - Marsan D., and Y. J. Tan (2020), Maximum Earthquake Size and Seismicity Rate from an ETAS Model with Slip Budget, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 110, 874-885 [pdf].

77 - Tan Y. J., and D. Marsan (2020), Connecting a broad spectrum of transient slip on the San Andreas fault, Sci. Adv., 6, eabb2489 [pdf].

Others

A1 - Hainzl S., S. Steacy, and D. Marsan (2011), Seismicity models based on Coulomb stress calculations, CORSSA article.

A2 - Marsan D., and M. Wyss (2011), Seismicity rate changes, CORSSA article.

A3 - van Stiphout T., J. Zhuang, and D. Marsan (2011), Seismicity declustering, CORSSA article.

A4 - Weiss J., and D. Marsan (2011), De la banquise à la croûte terrestre : les lois d'échelle de la fracturation, Images de la Physique, éditions du CNRS, 65-72. [pdf]