Articles in Web of Science for 2025

Résumé: Due to the complexity of seismic surveys, different strategies have been investigated to optimize characteristics of the acquisition in order to fulfil various criteria, most intuitively those related to the operational and economical aspects of the survey. However the question can also be approached from an imaging perspective. Andrzej Kikjo's seminal work on the optimal design of seismic stations for earthquake localization, dating back to the seventies, has encouraged several works related to optimal acquisition in exploration geophysics. A common choice for the optimality criterion is the conditioning of the Hessian operator. In our work, we have chosen our optimality criterion to be the regularity of the wavenumber sampling at a specified target: using the theory of diffraction tomography we can estimate the wavenumber sampling at a target point and we note that for a regularly spaced acquisition the corresponding sampling is not regular. In our target-oriented approach, we want to find the best positions of sources and receivers to improve the regularity of this sampling. We develop our work in the context of full waveform inversion, although our approach is more general. Using a simple formula for the estimation of the wavenumber points we are able to get a geometric characterization of the accessible wavenumber space that helps us define its envelope. We describe the problem as finding the geometry for which the sampling points are regular in terms of spacing inside this envelope and to that end we incorporate in our workflow the notion of centroidal Voronoi tessellation, a tool from computational geometry that links the regularity of the sampling to the uniformity of the domain tessellation. To assess the uniformity of the tessellation we utilize an energy function the minimal values of which provide regular samplings. By combining this energy function with a map that estimates the wavenumber content of an acquisition we define a new objective function that assess the quality of such acquisition with regards to our regularity criterion. We then mathematically express our problematic as a minimization problem which we solve using local optimization strategies. In this article we focus on the theoretical aspect of our method and validate it through numerical examples of varying complexities in the 2-D cases: when comparing optimized acquisitions with regular ones the results show a consistent local improvement of the quality of the inversion with the optimized geometries at the target and motivates the exploitation of the method for target-oriented applications such as seismic monitoring. The subsequent extension to 3-D and application to more realistic industrial examples will be discussed in a companion paper.

Résumé: One of the challenge that face the effectiveness of Polyvinyl Chloride geomembranes (PVC GMs) as a hydraulic barrier is the capacity to withstand unexpected mechanical actions, particularly tensile forces, during installation and throughout their lifespan. These forces pose risks of premature failure and impermeability degradation. In this study, the characterization of the short and long-term mechanical response of PVC GMs to uniaxial tensile forces has been investigated. Uniaxial tensile test have been performed for tensile rates spanning several orders of magnitude. Analysis of the true stress-strain curves reveals a significant decrease in tensile modulus, strength, and strain at failure at low strain rates, which are relatively close to those applied in situ. Long-term investigations have been conducted as well, through relaxation tests. Our key results unveil two distinct characteristic times in stress relaxation, with the fast relaxation occurring over the first 4 h. During this phase, the prerelaxation loading rate affects the relaxation behavior. Beyond this phase, the relaxation behavior becomes independent from the pre-relaxation loading rate. Burger's rheological model is proposed to measure the stress relaxation at different rates. The model's results validate the existence of two characteristic times.

Résumé: The Pan de Az & uacute;car National Park (similar to 26 degrees S, 70.6 degrees W), located on the southern edge of the Atacama Desert, exhibits for almost 30 km an alongshore morphological segmentation. In this work, we characterized the two contrasting morphological arrangements observed in this area: (1) a wide marine terrace landward backed by a tall coastal cliff, and (2) a sequence of poorly preserved, relatively narrow marine terraces landward backed by a short coastal cliff. Three domains that feature these arrangements are identified. The Central Domain represents the first arrangement, and the Northern and Southern domains represent the second. To understand their formation, we used a simple numerical model that allowed us to better understand the long-term evolution of coastal landscapes in rocky areas. The model gives us first-order insights into the driving processes of the development of coastal morphologies: tectonic history, eustatic sea-level change, and marine erosion. Model results reveal that an initial event of slow subsidence (0.04 mm/yr) between 1 Myr and 400 kyr is likely a necessary condition to develop all contrasting domains. Also, variable uplift rates (0.25-0.35 mm/yr) during the last 400 years have allowed the emersion of dated terraces. With this tectonic history, model results suggest values of marine erosion higher than 1 m(2)/yr to develop a morphological arrangement such as the Central Domain. Conversely, much lower erosion rates, for instance, 0.25-0.5 m(2)/yr or less, are necessary to replicate the morphology observed in the Northern and Southern domains. Hence, improving numerical models is a key task in unraveling the modes and temporal and spatial variability of driving and modulating processes.

Résumé: Understanding fault activity over time provides valuable insights for reconstructing the tectonic history of an orogen, assessing seismological risks and understanding mineralization processes. In the Western Alps, one of the main controversies in existing tectonic models is the understanding of syn-orogenic extension. Seismological evidence shows widespread extensional deformation related to the reactivation of major lithospheric structures, such as the Penninic Frontal Thrust (PFT). However, the onset age and origin of extension are still debated due to the lack of suitable geochronological data. Fault hematite and calcite geochronology as well as clumped isotope data can be used to relate fluid regimes to fault activity. The analysis of calcite brecciae from extensional faults above the PFT shows that two distinct fluid regimes were present. The first regime, occurring before 2 Ma is associated with upwelling of deep fluids and is recorded by fault calcite at a temperature > 110 degrees C. The second fluid regime is characterized by a meteoric signature and temperatures around 36 degrees C, representing crystallization since 2 Ma. This study presents a new model for the Miocene tectonic history of the Western Alps that combines (U-Th)/He and U-Pb geochronology on fault hematite (13.3 +/- 0.8 to < 0.8 Ma) and calcite (5.3 +/- 0.6 Ma). Results demonstrate a progression of extensional fault activity from east to west, from the Middle Miocene (ca. 13 Ma) to the Quaternary. The onset of extension in the inner part of the belt coincides with the development of the fold and thrust belt in the western Alpine foreland. Our new model proposes that extension occurs in the hanging wall of a large top-to-the-west thrust, known as the Alpine Frontal Thrust. This thrust, located to the west of the External Crystalline Massifs gives rise to their uplifting and extension at the rear. (c) 2024 China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of China University of Geosciences (Beijing). This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Résumé: The dissolution of International Simple Glass (ISG) was investigated at 90 degrees C and alkaline conditions with various concentrations of dissolved Si and Ca to unravel the combined effects of those elements on ISG reactivity. Experiments were conducted over durations ranging from 20 days to 3 months. Through morphological, structural, and chemical characterizations, the glass dissolution rate was proven to be strongly correlated with the activity of dissolved silica in the solution. While dissolved calcium did not significantly impact the dissolution rate, precipitation of calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) during the experiments enhanced ISG dissolution rate, though to a modest extent. The 3-months experiments highlighted the strong correlation between the dissolution mechanism and the evolution of the nature of secondary phases in saturated solution. During the first 20 days and at high Si and Ca concentrations, CSH precipitated and aggregated, without preventing the passivating impact of the gel layer at the surface of the glass: the dissolution was controlled by diffusion. Then, a resumption of dissolution occurred between 19 days and 76 days, corresponding to the CSH growth, and a possible mechanistic switch to a hydrolysis-controlled reaction rate. Finally, in some experiments, a drop in pH due to carbonate precipitation was observed along with a decrease in the dissolution rate, falling back in a diffusion-limited regime. Overall, this study shows that at 90 degrees C, pH = 10 and concentrations of SiO2(aq) exceeding 50 % of saturation with respect to amorphous silica, irrespective of Ca concentration but in presence of CO2(aq), ISG exhibits a very good chemical durability.

Résumé: Magneto-Coriolis (MC) modes in Earth's fluid core involve oscillations sustained by the combined effect of the Lorentz and Coriolis forces. Here, we investigate the properties of MC modes that involve purely axisymmetric flow, which we term axiMC modes. We provide a basic description of the wave dynamics of these modes, and simple predictions for the expected scalings of their frequency omega, decay rate lambda and quality factor Q based on a uniform ambient magnetic field. In particular, Q scales with the Elsasser number Lambda, which depends on the square of the r.m.s. strength of the azimuthally averaged meridional field. When Lambda>1, Q>1 and axiMC modes may be excited; when Lambda << 1, Q << 1 and axiMC modes revert to quasi-free magnetic decay modes. We present computations of axiMC modes in an inviscid, electrically conducting sphere for two idealized ambient magnetic field configurations, a uniform axial field and an axial poloidal field. We show that a flow gradient in the axial direction is a key property of axiMC modes. For the uniform axial field, omega, lambda and Q follow the scalings expected for a uniform field. For the axial poloidal field, the structure of the modes changes substantially when Lambda greater than or similar to 1, becoming more concentrated in regions of lower field strength. The combination of this structural change and advection of field lines by flow significantly increases lambda, resulting in a Q that remains close to 1 even at high Lambda. For a magnetic field strength inside the Earth's core of a few mT, the gravest axiMC modes are expected to have periods in the range of one thousand to a few thousand years and a Q not substantially above 1. AxiMC modes may be connected to a part of the observed millennial changes in Earth's magnetic field, may exchange axial angular momentum with the mantle, and hence may also explain a part of the observed millennial changes in length of day.

Résumé: The majority of geothermal energy is produced in tectonically active volcanic-arc regions due to their high geothermal gradients. Reservoirs in these settings are often stratified with smectite/kaolinite-, illite-, and chlorite-rich zones, in order of increasing depth and temperature. Eighteen andesitic core and surface samples were taken from five geothermal fields in the Lesser-Antilles and Cascade volcanic arcs. The collected samples have experienced various degrees of alteration and can be considered, in their ensemble, to be representative of the previously mentioned alteration zones. The influence of the alteration was assessed through biaxial rate-and-state friction experiments on prepared gouge. The samples were each tested at 10, 30, and 50 MPa normal stress in both nominally dry and nominally wet conditions. While significant water-induced frictional-strength reduction was observed, phyllosilicate content dominates frictional behavior, with increased phyllosilicate content reducing frictional strength, promoting velocity-strengthening behavior, and reducing frictional healing. Negative frictional healing is observed and likely related to the presence of expandable clays, leading to frictional weakness over long time periods. It is suggested that, by controlling frictional strength, phyllosilicate content influences the depth of onset of ductile shear zones, which often underlie these reservoirs and are critical for the horizontal advection and vertical sealing of geothermal fluid. Further, as these types of reservoirs are likely critically stressed, varying degrees of alteration within different reservoir zones can give rise to the formation of stress jumps. Overall, the frictional behavior depended to a first order on overall phyllosilicate content, potentially simplifying engineering studies.

Résumé: In this study, the removal of benzotriazole (BTA), a pervasive aquatic contaminant widely used for its anti-corrosion, UV-stabilizing, and antioxidant properties, by nanomagnetite, biochar, and nanomagnetite-biochar composite is investigated. Nanomagnetite and nanomagnetite-biochar composite were synthesized under anoxic conditions and tested for BTA removal efficiency at neutral pH under both oxic and anoxic conditions at different time scales. Within the short time scale (up to 8 h), the removal of BTA by nanomagnetite-biochar composite was shown to be due to BTA deprotonation by the nanomagnetite surface. Through proton liberation, Fe2+ is released in accordance with the reaction Fe3O4 + 2H(+) -> Fe2O3 + Fe2+ + H2O, which likely influences BTA complexation and its possible redox degradation. On the longer time scale, biochar achieved higher removal efficiency: 50% BTA removed within 48 h, due to formation of a ternary complex with surface Ca2+ ions, or 75% BTA removed after HCl biochar acid wash followed by Ca2+ surface saturation. As BTA presents significant environmental risks due to its extensive industrial applications, the present study offers critical insights into the mechanisms of BTA removal by nanomagnetite-biochar composite, and highlights the potential of such materials for water treatment applications.

Résumé: The central Pamir plateau moves northward and collides into Eurasia at a rate that varies significantly over its 600-km-wide extension. However, the active structures accounting for such internal shear strain remain enigmatic. In this study, we use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data to investigate the coseismic and post-seismic deformation of the ${M}_{\rm w}\,6.9$ Sarez earthquake on 23 February 2023. Using a Bayesian framework, we find the most likely seismogenic fault geometry and explore the full solution space of slip distributions. Our results highlight the main shock ruptures a nearly NNE fault dipping to the southeast. The finite-fault model exhibits a purely left-lateral strike-slip mechanism with little to no slip reaching the surface. Most of the coseismic slip remains confined to a depth of similar to 5 to 20 km, consistent with a large shallow slip deficit. Post-seismic afterslip, which decays rapidly within the month following the main shock, cannot compensate for such coseismic shallow slip deficit. Integrating the analysis of coseismic slip, post-seismic deformation and regional seismic activity, we argue that in the central Pamir, significant north-south shear strain is accommodated along multiple parallel faults, often unmapped, hence posing a significant seismic hazard.

Résumé: Driven by climate change and the quest for new low-carbon construction, there is an urgent need for full-scale, real-time observations in buildings to calibrate and validate behavior and design models. The science related to timber structure design could be improved by processing the vast amount of data on actual responses in real wooden buildings. One of the first 8-storey timber buildings in France was equipped with four three components sensors for permanent instrumentation, from its construction phase through to operation, i.e., once the occupants had moved in. First, the modal analysis of the building was obtained using temporary network, then the modal parameters (frequency and damping) were monitored over several months to observe the dynamic response of this type of buildings. The results show a significant fluctuation in parameters as a function of increasing stiffness, but above all as a function of mass during the construction and moving in phases, due to the lightweight of this type of building compared with more conventional structures (e.g. reinforced concrete or masonry structures). Once the building was in full operation, significant variations appeared depending on weather conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed), with high sensitivity to wind, especially for damping, revealed by the nonlinear elasticity response observed. Finally, the amplitude of the vibrations was compared with the ISO10137 standard for admissible mechanical vibration, thus validating the design and opening new perspectives for a longer monitoring phase.

Résumé: Ultramafic magmas are the ideal trac & iecy;rs of mantle composition, as they are derived from high degrees of partial melting and their compositions approach that of mantle peridotite. The Permian Song Da ultramafic volcanic rocks in northern Vietnam represent a rare example of well-preserved Paleozoic picrites of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), with the most Mg-rich olivine phenocrysts of up to Fo(93.5). As such, they are invaluable for constraining temperature, pressure, and composition of the ELIP mantle source. Here, we report the results of a study of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from ultramafic lavas of both low-Ti and high-Ti types in the Song-Da zone of the ELIP, providing new information on the concentrations of mobile trace elements, volatile components, and Sr isotope compositions of parental melts. Our data suggest a significant difference between the mantle source compositions of low-Ti and high-Ti primary melts of the Song Da zone. The latter melt likely originally contained 2.7 +/- 1.2 wt% CO2 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 wt% H2O, but lost most of its volatile inventory during degassing. Its enrichment in trace elements is attributed to a low degree of partial melting (less than 9 %) of a PREMA-type peridotitic source, as evidenced by the bulk rocks Nd and melt inclusions Sr isotopic data, contaminated by metasomatic fluids or recycled components bringing Pb, Sr, and Na. The low-Ti komatiite-type Song Da melts contain an excess of H2O (H2O/Ce up to 5500), similarly to some Archean komatiites, show a decoupling of Nd and Sr isotopes, and reveal mixing of at least two unusual components: (1) one with low initial Sr-87/Sr-86 (down to 0.7040), low Nb/U and Ce/Pb ratios and relatively enriched in La, Th, U, Pb, and Sr, and (2) the other with high initial Sr-87/Sr-86 (up to 0.7080), high Nb/U and Ce/Pb ratios, and strongly depleted in highly incompatible lithophile elements such as Ba, Rb, Nb, K, U, Th, La, and Sr. We suggest that component (1) reflects contamination with lower continental crust or other subduction-related constituents in the mantle source, while component (2) represents partial melt derived from dehydrated seawater-altered recycled harzburgite that was part of a subducted oceanic slab 300 to 500 Ma in age. The latter component can be recognized only in the melts that are exceptionally depleted in highly incompatible elements. The data from this study and Kazzy et al. (2024) suggest that the ELIP was produced by a mantle plume with a maximum potential temperature (T-p) of similar to 1600 degrees C at similar to 260 Ma. Because of its high temperature, this plume passed through the hydrated mantle transition zone (MTZ) in a partially molten state, which allowed it to entrain in its hottest part H2O and components of the subducted 300-500 Ma Paleo-Tethyan oceanic plate stagnated in the MTZ for similar to 200 Ma. An alternative source of dehydrated serpentinites of recycled Paleo-Tethyan slab in the Emeishan mantle plume could be a core-mantle boundary if this slab had been subducted shortly (less than 240 Ma) before the initiation of this plume. This option requires a fast Tethyan crust recycling rate of >2.3 cm/year. Low-Ti komatiite-type melts of the Song Da area came from the hottest part of the Emeishan mantle plume and contain traces of these components, whereas the high-Ti Song Da melts came from the coldest part of the Emeishan mantle plume (Tp similar to 1450 degrees C) and reflect a PREMA-type mantle source metasomatized by addition of a component enriched in Na, Sr, and Pb.

Résumé: Sequences of aftershocks following Omori's empirical law are observed after most major earthquakes, as well as in laboratory-scale fault-mimicking experiments. Nevertheless, the origin of this memory effect is still unclear. In this letter, we present an analytical framework for treating labquake and earthquake catalogs on an equal footing. Using this analysis method, we show that when memory is considered to be in deformation and not in time, all data collapse onto a single master curve, showing that the timescale is entirely fixed by the inverse of the strain rate.

Résumé: Our study focuses on predicting topographic amplification of ground motion in the near-source region, where seismic rays reach the free-surface at varying incidence angles. We rely on data from previous 3D numerical simulations conducted on a topographic relief with a homogeneous medium. First, using neural networks, we identify which key parameters, describing the geometric characteristics of the relief relative to the seismic source position, control ground motion amplification. Then, we determine the functional form that relates these parameters to the simulated amplifications. Subsequently, we conduct a regression study to develop a model of topographic amplification, referred to as the i-FSC proxy (Illuminated Frequency-Scaled Curvature). Our estimator depends on the frequency-scaled (1) curvature, a parameter that accounts for the occurrence of amplifications over convex topographies and de-amplification over concave ones; (2) normalized illumination angle, a newly defined parameter that quantifies the slope exposure to the incoming wavefield, accounting for high amplification on slopes oriented opposite to the seismic source. The illumination parameter reduces the uncertainties of the proxy by a factor of 2 compared to estimators that rely solely on curvature. The proxy does not require high computational resources. It uses a digital elevation map and a seismic source position to predict amplification factors (without lithological effects) for an S-wave at any site on the surface topography. It allows exploration of variations in topographic amplification near seismic sources, representing a significant breakthrough as areas closest to the fault typically sustain the highest damages. A MATLAB script performing the i-FSC calculations is provided.

Résumé: Most of the primary productivity in the ocean comes from phytoplankton, and is impacted, among other things, by the amount of nutrients available, as well as by temperature. The Late Miocene and Pliocene were marked by global aridification, linked to the emergence of the large deserts, likely increasing the input of dust and thus nutrients into the ocean. There was also a global decrease in temperature during this period, linked to a decline in atmospheric CO2 concentration. The objective of this study is to explore the sensitivity to dust and pCO(2) levels on primary productivity in the oceans under Late Miocene boundary conditions. Here we used simulations performed with the coupled ocean-atmosphere model IPSL-CM5A2 and its marine biogeochemistry component PISCES and a Late Miocene paleogeography. Our results show that an increase in dust input produces a quasi-generalized increase in primary productivity, associated with a decrease in nutrient limitation. This increase in productivity also leads to nutrient deficits in some areas, such as coastlines and the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. The decrease in pCO(2) levels and the associated lower water temperatures lead to a reduction in primary productivity. This decrease is mainly due to a reduction in the supply of nutrients resulting from less intense remineralization. In addition, our results show that change in carbon export resulting from change in dust input and temperature are highly heterogeneous spatially. Simulations combined with sedimentary data suggesting a link between aridification, cooling and the Biogenic Bloom of the Late Miocene and Pliocene.

Résumé: Glacier internal deformation is usually described by Glen's flow law using two material parameters: the creep factor (A) and the flow law exponent (n). However, the values of these parameters and their spatial and temporal variability are rather uncertain due to the difficulty in quantifying internal strain and stress fields at natural scales. In this study, we combine 1-year-long continuous measurements of borehole inclinometry and surface velocity with three-dimensional full-Stokes ice flow modeling to infer ice rheologies and sliding velocities for the ablation zone of the Argenti & egrave;re Glacier, a temperate glacier in the French Alps. We demonstrate that the observed deformation rate profile has limited sensitivity to the flow law exponent (n) and instead mainly reflects an increase in the creep factor (A) with depth, with A departing from its surface value by up to a factor of 2.5 below 160 m depth. We interpret this creep factor enhancement as an effect of increasing interstitial water content with depth (from 0 % to 1.3 %), which results in an average value of A=148 MPa-3 a-1. We further observe that internal ice deformation exhibits seasonal variability similar to that concerning surface velocity, indicating that the local basal sliding velocity exhibits no significant seasonal variation. We suggest that these changes in deformation rate are due to variations in the stress field, driven by contrasting changes in subglacial hydrology conditions between the sides and center of the glacier. Our study provides further evidence that borehole inclinometry, combined with full-Stokes flow modeling, allows for the constraining of both ice rheology and basal friction at scales that cannot be inferred from surface velocity measurements alone.

Résumé: In 2004, an earthquake of moment magnitude Mw 9.1-9.3 ruptured over 1,500 km of the Sunda megathrust under the Indian Ocean, producing a devastating tsunami and resulting in 230,000 fatalities and the displacement of nearly 1.7 million people. In this Review, we explore the lessons learned since the 2004 event, including advances in understanding Sumatran subduction-zone hazards and related disaster preparedness and risk communication. The 2004 earthquake triggered a series of aftershocks, including over 6,000 Mw >= 4.5 earthquakes in the first 10 years, two of which were Mw 8.6 and Mw 8.4 events, that ruptured much of the remaining Sumatran subduction interface. Ruptures of the Sumatran subduction interface are often bounded by persistent barriers associated with structural features, including fracture zones and seamounts, on the subducting oceanic plate. Although the entire plate boundary zone should always be prepared for earthquakes and tsunamis, the seismic gap in the Mentawai Islands highlights the need for enhanced preparedness in this region. The lack of tsunami early warning systems in the Indian Ocean before the 2004 tsunami prompted international efforts to help coastal populations protect themselves, which remain ongoing. Future communication efforts should ensure the public understands that no warning system is perfect, and it is safest to evacuate when there is any indication of a potential tsunami.

Résumé: Optimal transport has recently started to be successfully employed to define misfit or loss functions in inverse problems. However, it is a problem intrinsically defined for positive (probability) measures and therefore strategies are needed for its applications in more general settings of interest. In this paper we introduce an unbalanced optimal transport problem for vector valued measures starting from the L1 optimal transport. By lifting data in a self-dual cone of a higher dimensional vector space, we show that one can recover a meaningful transport problem. We show that the favorable computational complexity of the L1 problem, an advantage compared to other formulations of optimal transport, is inherited by our vector extension. We consider both a one- homogeneous and a two-homogeneous penalization for the imbalance of mass, the latter being potentially relevant for applications to physics based problems. In particular, we demonstrate the potential of our strategy for full waveform inversion, an inverse problem for high resolution seismic imaging.

Résumé: To date, how complex mineral-organic matter (OM) interactions affect the migration and mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils is highly understudied. This work mainly focused on the occurrence characteristics of PTEs and their close association with the composition characterization of mineral elements and dissolved OM (DOM) molecules. The results revealed that quartz (20.20%), albite (15.60%) and biotite (14.37%) were the dominant minerals in soils. CHO molecules were most abundant, accounting for 58.41%. The unsaturated hydrocarbons with both low and high O/C ratios were the dominant organic compounds, accounting for 21.56% and 36.73%, respectively. Sequential extraction results indicated that most Cd was hosted in carbonate minerals, while considerable amounts of As, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn were bound to Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides. The elemental distribution characteristics displayed the coexistence of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn with O, S, Al, Si, Ca and Fe. Fe oxyhydroxides might preferentially retain the unsaturated hydrocarbons with low O/C ratio and phenols. Furthermore, Fe oxide-organic composites had more significant impacts on Mn than As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn mobility. Overall, these findings would provide important insights into how mineral-OM interactions played the key roles on PTEs mobility in soils.